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Scooters and bikes powered by fuel cells offer emission-free and low-noise mobility options for intra-city travel
Kearney · 2020 · case_study
Scooters and bikes powered by fuel cells offer emission-free and low-noise mobility options for intra-city travel
350 — Range
 Fork lifts powered by fuel cells are already in use since they don’t need capex-intensive infrastructure for recharging
Kearney · 2020 · case_study
Fork lifts powered by fuel cells are already in use since they don’t need capex-intensive infrastructure for recharging
25,000 — Market size
 Fuel-cell hydrogen cars are commercially available as an alternative to diesel-based internal combustion engine cars
Kearney · 2020 · case_study
Fuel-cell hydrogen cars are commercially available as an alternative to diesel-based internal combustion engine cars
11,200 — Market size
 Vans and utility trucks powered by fuel cells can be used for short-distance, cyclical trips
Kearney · 2020 · case_study
Vans and utility trucks powered by fuel cells can be used for short-distance, cyclical trips
 Hydrogen buses powered by fuel cells are a zero-emission alternative to diesel buses
Kearney · 2020 · case_study
Hydrogen buses powered by fuel cells are a zero-emission alternative to diesel buses
4 — Total cost of ownership
 Hydrogen trucks and buses powered by fuel cells are expected to gain market share, mainly in China
Kearney · 2020 · case_study
Hydrogen trucks and buses powered by fuel cells are expected to gain market share, mainly in China
400 — Market size
 Hydrogen can be the main power source for small boats or supply electricity to on-board applications
Kearney · 2020 · case_study
Hydrogen can be the main power source for small boats or supply electricity to on-board applications
 Hydrogen trains powered by fuel cells can offer a low-carbon alternative to diesel locomotives
Kearney · 2020 · case_study
Hydrogen trains powered by fuel cells can offer a low-carbon alternative to diesel locomotives
600-800 — Range
 Hydrogen aircrafts powered by fuel cells could offer a solution to reduce aviation-based emissions
Kearney · 2020 · case_study
Hydrogen aircrafts powered by fuel cells could offer a solution to reduce aviation-based emissions
 Co-firing ammonia in coal-power plants could reduce carbon emissions at low cost; special attention needs to be given to NOx emissions
Kearney · 2020 · case_study
Co-firing ammonia in coal-power plants could reduce carbon emissions at low cost; special attention needs to be given to NOx emissions
2,100 — Market size (GW)
 Flexible power generation is the use of hydrogen to produce electricity on demand and operating at low load factors
Kearney · 2020 · industry_trends
Flexible power generation is the use of hydrogen to produce electricity on demand and operating at low load factors
1.5 — Competitive price ratio
 H2 can be blended with CH4 before being injected on the gas grid
Kearney · 2020 · context
H2 can be blended with CH4 before being injected on the gas grid
 H2 can be converted into natural gas to be injected or directly combusted onsite for power generation
Kearney · 2020 · case_study
H2 can be converted into natural gas to be injected or directly combusted onsite for power generation
83% — Energy efficiency
 A 100% H2 network can also be considered for providing energy to end users through fuel cells, co-generation, or other hybrid systems
Kearney · 2020 · case_study
A 100% H2 network can also be considered for providing energy to end users through fuel cells, co-generation, or other hybrid systems
$1.50 to $3.00 — Cost competitiveness
 M&A, joint ventures, and partnerships have increased, highlighting large corporations’ interest in hydrogen
Kearney · 2020 · timeline
M&A, joint ventures, and partnerships have increased, highlighting large corporations’ interest in hydrogen
 Launched in 2017, the Hydrogen Council regroups companies from various industries in North America, Asia, and Europe
Kearney · 2020 · context
Launched in 2017, the Hydrogen Council regroups companies from various industries in North America, Asia, and Europe
$2,500 billion — Market size
 Multiple countries have launched supportive initiatives to accelerate hydrogen deployment, mainly in transportation ...
Kearney · 2020 · market_landscape
Multiple countries have launched supportive initiatives to accelerate hydrogen deployment, mainly in transportation ...
15 — Number of countries
 In partnership with the European Commission, Hydrogen Europe launched HyLaw to identify the legal barriers to hydrogen deployment
Kearney · 2020 · context
In partnership with the European Commission, Hydrogen Europe launched HyLaw to identify the legal barriers to hydrogen deployment
 The United States has launched incentive programs to accelerate hydrogen deployment
Kearney · 2020 · context
The United States has launched incentive programs to accelerate hydrogen deployment
 Japan was the first country to adopt a basic hydrogen strategy and plans to become a "hydrogen society"
Kearney · 2020 · case_study
Japan was the first country to adopt a basic hydrogen strategy and plans to become a "hydrogen society"
$1.5 billion — hydrogen cost
 Australia adopted a national hydrogen strategy in late 2019 to open up opportunities in domestic use as well as the export market
Kearney · 2020 · context
Australia adopted a national hydrogen strategy in late 2019 to open up opportunities in domestic use as well as the export market
$146 million — Government funding
 Oil-rich countries are looking into H2 to export as a clean fuel alternative to oil and gas
Kearney · 2020 · case_study
Oil-rich countries are looking into H2 to export as a clean fuel alternative to oil and gas
 Converting fossil fuels into hydrogen through SMR is almost as efficient as a ICE and BEV, leading to no extra fossil fuel consumption
Kearney · 2020 · process_diagram
Converting fossil fuels into hydrogen through SMR is almost as efficient as a ICE and BEV, leading to no extra fossil fuel consumption
25 — Energy efficiency
 The battery pathway also appears more efficient than hydrogen when the primary source comes from renewable sources
Kearney · 2020 · process_diagram
The battery pathway also appears more efficient than hydrogen when the primary source comes from renewable sources
69 — Energy efficiency
 CO2 emissions related to hydrogen production vary depending on the production pathway
Kearney · 2020 · analyze_data
CO2 emissions related to hydrogen production vary depending on the production pathway
45 — kgCO2/kgH2
 Seven business cases, based on real-life situations, have been studied to assess their competitiveness with other available solutions
Kearney · 2020 · framework_other
Seven business cases, based on real-life situations, have been studied to assess their competitiveness with other available solutions
 Carbon abatement costs vary widely depending on the business case
Kearney · 2020 · comparison_table
Carbon abatement costs vary widely depending on the business case
3000 — Carbon abatement cost
 The Rotterdam port is investigating the benefits of H2 in its H-vision plan, which would combine fossil fuel-based production and CCS
Kearney · 2020 · client_example
The Rotterdam port is investigating the benefits of H2 in its H-vision plan, which would combine fossil fuel-based production and CCS
 H-vision projects have multiple partners from various industries
Kearney · 2020 · value_chain
H-vision projects have multiple partners from various industries
 Multiple scenarios have been developed with various carbon impacts
Kearney · 2020 · scenario_analysis
Multiple scenarios have been developed with various carbon impacts
5.2 — Hydrogen demand (GW)
 In the reference scenario, a total subsidy of €0.7 billion is required to make the H-vision project profitable given avoided ETS certificates of €3.4 billion
Kearney · 2020 · financial_analysis
In the reference scenario, a total subsidy of €0.7 billion is required to make the H-vision project profitable given avoided ETS certificates of €3.4 billion
€0.7 billion — NPV
 The H-vision project could help avoid 27 to 130 Mtpa of CO2 over 20 years with an abatement cost of CO2 $97 to $213 per tCO2
Kearney · 2020 · financial_analysis
The H-vision project could help avoid 27 to 130 Mtpa of CO2 over 20 years with an abatement cost of CO2 $97 to $213 per tCO2
$97 to $213 — Abatement cost
 Power-to-X is the process of converting electricity into hydrogen for additional applications
Kearney · 2020 · value_chain
Power-to-X is the process of converting electricity into hydrogen for additional applications
 Analyses have been conducted for multiple scenarios, with optimistic assumptions on renewable production sources evolution
Kearney · 2020 · scenario_analysis
Analyses have been conducted for multiple scenarios, with optimistic assumptions on renewable production sources evolution
€450 per kW — Capex
 In the long-term, as capex goes down, electrolyzer powered from renewables could be competitive with grid-connected
Kearney · 2020 · financial_analysis
In the long-term, as capex goes down, electrolyzer powered from renewables could be competitive with grid-connected
$2.7 — LCOH ($/kg)
 The carbon footprint from electrolysis would be reduced only if powered by renewable sources, at an abatement cost of $125 to $145 per tCO2
Kearney · 2020 · financial_analysis
The carbon footprint from electrolysis would be reduced only if powered by renewable sources, at an abatement cost of $125 to $145 per tCO2
$125 — Abatement cost per tCO2
 Electrolyzer could also provide services to the grid to support renewable integration while offsetting variability and improve LCOH
Kearney · 2020 · business_case
Electrolyzer could also provide services to the grid to support renewable integration while offsetting variability and improve LCOH
 There is potential for a H2 producer to monetize this service, which could further reduce LCOH
Kearney · 2020 · business_case
There is potential for a H2 producer to monetize this service, which could further reduce LCOH
 LCOH could be reduced by up to 60% if grid servicing provided by electrolyzers are considered and managed
Kearney · 2020 · financial_analysis
LCOH could be reduced by up to 60% if grid servicing provided by electrolyzers are considered and managed
60% — LCOH reduction
 Power-to-gas is the process of converting surplus electricity into H2 through electrolysis for further applications, such as heating and mobility
Kearney · 2020 · process_diagram
Power-to-gas is the process of converting surplus electricity into H2 through electrolysis for further applications, such as heating and mobility
10 — Start-up time
 P2G has been identified as a tool to enable high penetration of renewable on the electricity grid
Kearney · 2020 · context
P2G has been identified as a tool to enable high penetration of renewable on the electricity grid
150 — TWh
 Multiple projects are being launched to test the viability of the system
Kearney · 2020 · case_study
Multiple projects are being launched to test the viability of the system
€30 million — Budget
 The GRHYD project was launched in Dunkirk to inject up to 20% of green H2 on residential gas network for heating and mobility
Kearney · 2020 · case_study
The GRHYD project was launched in Dunkirk to inject up to 20% of green H2 on residential gas network for heating and mobility
 Production of H2 and injection on gas network systems (blending) include electricity generation, electrolyzer, and injection station
Kearney · 2020 · value_chain
Production of H2 and injection on gas network systems (blending) include electricity generation, electrolyzer, and injection station
 The levelized cost of energy (blending) could go down to $86 to $99 per MWh by 2030, making it competitive with biomass gas
Kearney · 2020 · financial_analysis
The levelized cost of energy (blending) could go down to $86 to $99 per MWh by 2030, making it competitive with biomass gas
$86 — Levelized cost of energy
 Only injection plants connected to REN without grid back-up would help reduce CO2 emissions at a cost of $200 to $270 per tCO2
Kearney · 2020 · financial_analysis
Only injection plants connected to REN without grid back-up would help reduce CO2 emissions at a cost of $200 to $270 per tCO2
$270 — Abatement cost
 Top natural gas consumers would not be able to reduce carbon emissions if electrolyzer is coupled with the grid
Kearney · 2020 · analyze_data
Top natural gas consumers would not be able to reduce carbon emissions if electrolyzer is coupled with the grid
 The hydrogen injection potential is limited in volume by end applications for safety and performance reasons
Kearney · 2020 · problem_statement
The hydrogen injection potential is limited in volume by end applications for safety and performance reasons
100% — Hydrogen injection percentage
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